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Answer :
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns on pathogens' surfaces bind to pattern recognition receptors on the innate immune system cells, initiating an immune response hence the correct answer is 2) pathogen recognition receptors.
These receptors, which are glycoprotein molecules, recognize and bind to structures associated with microorganisms, such as bacterial peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide, that are not found in eukaryotic cells. The binding of PAMPs to PRRs, including the well-known toll-like receptors, is a crucial step in the innate immune response, allowing immune cells to rapidly detect and respond to invading pathogens. Specifically, PRRs can be found on a variety of defense cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and they trigger an immediate immune response against the invading microorganism. Additionally, some PRRs are soluble and present in the blood, where they act as opsonins and initiate complement pathways, further contributing to the body's defense mechanisms , therefore the correct answer is 2) pathogen recognition receptors.
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