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The following transactions relate to Academy Towing Service. Assume the transactions for the purchase of the wrecker and any capital improvements occur on January 1 of each year.

**Year 1:**
- Acquired $73,000 cash from the issue of common stock.
- Purchased a used wrecker for $35,000 cash. It has an estimated useful life of three years and a $6,000 salvage value.
- Paid sales tax on the wrecker of $4,000.
- Collected $59,100 in towing fees.
- Paid $12,300 for gasoline and oil.
- Recorded straight-line depreciation on the wrecker for Year 1.
- Closed the revenue and expense accounts to Retained Earnings at the end of Year 1.

**Year 2:**
- Paid for a tune-up for the wrecker’s engine, $1,200.
- Bought four new tires, $1,550.
- Collected $65,000 in towing fees.
- Paid $18,300 for gasoline and oil.
- Recorded straight-line depreciation for Year 2.
- Closed the revenue and expense accounts to Retained Earnings at the end of Year 2.

**Year 3:**
- Paid to overhaul the wrecker’s engine, $5,100, which extended the life of the wrecker to a total of four years. The salvage value did not change.
- Paid for gasoline and oil, $19,400.
- Collected $68,000 in towing fees.
- Recorded straight-line depreciation for Year 3.
- Closed the revenue and expense accounts at the end of Year 3.

**Required:**
a. Use a horizontal statements model to show the effect of these transactions on the elements of financial statements. Use "+" for increase, "−" for decrease, "+/−" for both increase and decrease, and leave blank for not affected. The first event is recorded as an example. (In the Statement of Cash Flows column, use the initials "OA" to designate operating activity, "IA" for investing activity, "FA" for financing activity, and leave blank for not affected.)

b. For each year (1, 2, 3), record the transactions in general journal form and post them to T-accounts.

c. Generate an Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity, and Statement of Cash Flows.

Answer :

This answer provides a horizontal statements model to show the effect of the transactions on the financial statements, including a summary of changes for each year and the resulting balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in stockholders' equity, and statement of cash flows.

a. Use a horizontal statements model to show the effect of these transactions on the elements of financial statements:

Year 1:

- Cash: +$73,000

- Common Stock: +$73,000

- Equipment: -$35,000

- Accumulated Depreciation: -$11,750 (straight-line depreciation)

- Sales Tax Payable: +$4,000

- Towing Fees Revenue: +$59,100

- Gasoline and Oil Expense: -$12,300

- Retained Earnings: +$27,050

Year 2:

- Equipment: -$1,200 (engine tune-up)

- Accumulated Depreciation: -$14,750 (straight-line depreciation)

- Towing Fees Revenue: +$65,000

- Gasoline and Oil Expense: -$18,300

- Retained Earnings: +$31,700

Year 3:

- Equipment: -$5,100 (engine overhaul)

- Accumulated Depreciation: -$17,500 (straight-line depreciation)

- Towing Fees Revenue: +$68,000

- Gasoline and Oil Expense: -$19,400

- Retained Earnings: +$26,200

b. Journal entries and T-accounts:

Year 1 Journal Entries:

Debit Cash $73,000 and credit Common Stock $73,000

Debit Equipment $35,000 and credit Cash $35,000

Debit Sales Tax Expense $4,000 and credit Cash $4,000

Debit Cash $59,100 and credit Towing Fees Revenue $59,100

Debit Gasoline and Oil Expense $12,300 and credit Cash $12,300

Debit Depreciation Expense $11,750 and credit Accumulated Depreciation $11,750

Closing entries: Debit Towing Fees Revenue $59,100, debit Gasoline and Oil Expense $12,300, debit Depreciation Expense $11,750, and credit Retained Earnings $26,050

Year 1 T-Accounts:

Cash: $73,000 (beginning) + $73,000 - $35,000 + $4,000 + $59,100 - $12,300 = $161,800 (ending)

Common Stock: $73,000 (beginning) + $73,000 = $146,000 (ending)

Equipment: $35,000 (beginning) - $35,000 = $0 (ending)

Accumulated Depreciation: $0 (beginning) + $11,750 = $11,750 (ending)

Sales Tax Payable: $0 (beginning) + $4,000 = $4,000 (ending)

Towing Fees Revenue: $0 (beginning) + $59,100 = $59,100 (ending)

Gasoline and Oil Expense: $0 (beginning) + $12,300 = $12,300 (ending)

Retained Earnings: $0 (beginning) + $26,050 = $26,050 (ending)

c. Financial Statements:

Income Statement:

Year 1:

- Towing Fees Revenue: $59,100

- Gasoline and Oil Expense: -$12,300

- Depreciation Expense: -$11,750

Net Income: $34,050

Year 2:

- Towing Fees Revenue: $65,000

- Gasoline and Oil Expense: -$18,300

- Depreciation Expense: -$14,750

Net Income: $31,950

Year 3:

- Towing Fees Revenue: $68,000

- Gasoline and Oil Expense: -$19,400

- Depreciation Expense: -$17,500

Net Income: $31,100

Balance Sheet:

Year 1:

- Assets: $161,800

- Liabilities: $4,000

- Stockholders' Equity: $157,800

Year 2:

- Assets: $154,300

- Liabilities: $4,000

- Stockholders' Equity: $150,300

Year 3:

- Assets: $139,200

- Liabilities: $4,000

- Stockholders' Equity: $135,200

Statement of Changes in Stockholders Equity:

Year 1:

- Common Stock: $73,000

- Retained Earnings: $26,050

Year 2:

- Common Stock: $73,000

- Retained Earnings: $57,750

Year 3:

- Common Stock: $73,000

- Retained Earnings: $83,950

Statement of Cash Flows:

Year 1:

- Operating Activities: +$21,750

- Investing Activities: -$35,000

- Financing Activities: +$73,000

Net Change in Cash: +$59,750

Year 2:

- Operating Activities: -$900

- Investing Activities: $0

- Financing Activities: $0

Net Change in Cash: -$900

Year 3:

- Operating Activities: -$195,050

- Investing Activities: -$5,100

- Financing Activities: $ 68,000

Net Change in Cash: -$132,150

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