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Answer :
Final answer:
The situation described with Betty and Tina shows an example of in-group bias, which is part of social comparison and can greatly influence students' self-perception and performance in school settings.
Explanation:
The beliefs held by Betty and Tina about their respective groups being composed of the better spellers illustrates a psychological concept known as in-group bias or the tendency of people to favor their own group. This phenomenon is part of social comparison, where individuals evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others. Here, both girls are likely to think highly of their own group due to a desire for a positive self-concept, which is reinforced by identifying with a group that they believe is superior. Studies in Social Studies and psychology have shown that such biases can affect not only self-perception but also performance, an example of which is the Pygmalion effect, where the expectation of a high achiever results in higher achievement.
These examples demonstrate the significant influence of beliefs and expectations in educational settings, including how social class can potentially underlie the formation of these groups as observed in the study by Rist. Thus, teachers' perceptions of students can create self-fulfilling prophecies, impacting student participation and success, a valuable observation for both educators and students in understanding group dynamics and outcomes.
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