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Answer :
Final answer:
Antigens trigger specific immune responses by activating B and T cells, leading to antibody production. Antibodies help neutralize pathogens and mark them for destruction. Vaccines promote adaptive immunity by introducing antigens, allowing the immune system to respond quickly upon future exposures.
Explanation:
Antigen Recognition and the Role of Antibodies in Immune Responses
The process of antigen recognition begins when an antigen, a molecule that triggers an immune response, interacts with specific receptors on B cells and T cells of the adaptive immune system. Antigens are often parts of pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, and they may consist of proteins or polysaccharides. When the immune system first encounters an antigen (the primary response), B cells can produce antibodies, which are specialized proteins that help neutralize or destroy pathogens.
Antibodies have multiple roles in immune responses: they can neutralize toxins, opsonize pathogens for easier engulfment by phagocytes, and activate the complement system to enhance pathogen elimination. Each antibody is specific to a particular antigen, binding to it via its variable regions, which allows for targeted immune response.
How Vaccines Work to Promote Adaptive Immunity
Vaccines function by mimicking an infection. They introduce antigens associated with a specific pathogen into the body without causing the disease. This triggers the adaptive immune response, resulting in the formation of memory B and T cells. When a person is later exposed to the actual pathogen, these memory cells can quickly respond, leading to a faster and more effective immune response compared to a primary exposure.
In summary, vaccines help develop long-lasting immunity by stimulating a primary immune response, generating memory cells that facilitate a swift secondary response upon real infection.
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