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Answer :
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Agglutination involves antibodies like IgM and IgG clumping pathogens together, aiding in immune response by preventing pathogen interaction with cells and simplifying their removal. Antibodies also stimulate the complement system and can be detected using agglutination assays.
Explanation:
Agglutination is a process where antibodies bind to pathogens, such as bacteria, causing them to clump together into large aggregates. This phenomenon is chiefly facilitated by antibodies like IgM and IgG, which have multiple antigen-binding sites.
For instance, IgM, with its pentameric structure, provides ten Fab binding sites, thus serving as a potent agglutinating antibody. Agglutination effectively prevents pathogens from interacting with and damaging human cells, simplifying their removal from the bloodstream by organs such as the spleen and kidneys.
Furthermore, such aggregates are readily ingested by phagocytes for destruction, enhancing the body's immune response.
Antibody neutralization is another vital function, where antibodies prevent pathogen infection or binding to host cells. Moreover, the agglutination process stimulates the complement system, which aids in destroying the pathogens.
Agglutination assays are used to detect antibodies, suggesting the presence of certain antigens, such as those on the surfaces of bacteria or red blood cells. These assays are simple and can be performed using tools like microtiter plates.
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