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All of the following are observations an officer may rely on when making a probable cause determination except:

1) Smells
2) Direct observations
3) Intuition
4) Overheard statements

Answer :

An officer may not rely solely on intuition for a probable cause determination, as it lacks a factual basis, unlike smells, direct observations, and overheard statements which provide observable evidence. Option 3

The observation that an officer may rely on except when making a probable cause determination is intuition. Probable cause is informed by tangible, observable factors like smells, direct observations, overheard statements, and other sensory inputs that can provide evidence. Unlike these evidentiary inputs, intuition alone does not provide a factual basis that can be articulated and is therefore not a legally sufficient ground for probable cause. Facts and evidences are needed to support legal actions such as obtaining warrants or conducting searches without a warrant in exigent circumstances.

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