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Answer :
Final answer:
When B-cell receptors are cross-linked on the surface of a pathogen, the membrane proteins Ig alpha and Ig beta, part of the BCR complex, become phosphorylated. This leads to B-cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation into antibody-producing cells.
Explanation:
The question asks what becomes phosphorylated when B-cell receptors (BCR) are cross-linked on the surface of a pathogen. Upon the cross-linking of BCRs by antigen binding, intracellular signaling pathways are initiated through the associated signal transduction molecules, specifically Ig alpha and Ig beta. These two proteins, which are part of the BCR complex, become phosphorylated by Src-family kinases. Phosphorylation of Ig alpha and Ig beta leads to the activation of several downstream signaling cascades, ultimately resulting in B-cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation into plasma cells capable of producing antibodies specific to the antigen.
This signaling process is crucial for the immune response, as it enables the clonal expansion of B cells specific to the pathogen's antigens, facilitating the body's ability to target and eliminate the infecting organism. The phosphorylation of Ig alpha and Ig beta represents a key early step in the activation of B cells following antigen recognition.
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Having the same function as the CD3 components of the T-cell receptor complex, Igα and Igβ facilitate signaling through ITAMs on their cytoplasmic tails. Activation signals are transmitted when these ITAMs become phosphorylated by the tyrosine kinases Blk, Fyn, or Lyn become phosphorylated when b-cell receptors are cross-linked on the surface of a pathogen
the question is incomplete . please read below to find the missing content
T cells are part of the immune system and arise from stem cells in the bone marrow. They help protect the body from infection and may help fight cancer. Also called T lymphocytes and thymocytes. Zoom in. Development of blood cells.
effector T cells have a relatively short lifespan and function in the immune response. They may be cytotoxic, helper, and regulatory T cells.
which receptor becomes phosphorylated when b cell receptor becomes cross-linked on the surface of the pathogen.
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