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Answer :
Final answer:
European settlements in Australia started as penal colonies, with convicts being transported and gold discovery accelerating migration.
Explanation:
The earliest European settlements in Australia began as penal colonies, particularly with the establishment of the Port Jackson colony in 1788 (now Sydney). The British government initially transported convicts to Australia, with over 160,000 prisoners deported to the colony until 1869. Additionally, the discovery of gold in Victoria in 1851 accelerated migration to Australia. European settlements in Australia started as penal colonies, with convicts being transported and gold discovery accelerating migration.
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Answer: Earliest European settlements in Australia began as penal colonies.
Explanation: In the 17th century, Dutch explorers made the earliest recorded European sightings and landfalls on the Australian mainland. The Dutch charted the western and northern coastlines, naming the island continent "New Holland," but did not attempt to settle. In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, naming it New South Wales and claiming it for Great Britain. In 1788, the British established a settlement known as Sydney Cove, which later became Sydney, in what is now New South Wales. This settlement served as a penal colony for British convicts, who were sent to Australia as a form of punishment.
