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Answer :
Final answer:
Stopping your vehicle on icy roads with ABS involves applying steady brake pressure and steering into the skid, while without ABS, you must manually pump the brakes. The stopping distance is affected by the braking system, road slope, speed, and friction coefficients.
Explanation:
When stopping a vehicle on icy roads with ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) brakes, you should apply steady pressure on the brake pedal and allow the ABS to modulate the brakes to prevent wheel lock-up. Steering into the direction of the skid will help you regain control. Patience is essential as the ABS system decreases your stopping distance by maintaining traction.
Without ABS, you need to manually pump the brakes if the wheels lock. Apply firm pressure, release if the wheels lock, and then reapply, always steering gently into the direction of the skid. This helps to minimize the stopping distance but requires more skill and attention.
On icy roads, the type of braking system affects your vehicle's stopping distance. With ABS, the vehicle is less likely to skid, as the tires continue to maintain grip with the road even when braking hard. When the wheels don't lock and maintain traction, the stopping distance can be shorter as compared to a vehicle without ABS where the wheels lock up, and the car slides, increasing the stopping distance.
External factors such as the slope of the road, whether you are going uphill or downhill, speed, and friction coefficients also affect the stopping distance. For instance, if a driver is traveling downhill and has to stop suddenly without skidding, they need to analyze the forces involved, particularly the static friction, to calculate their minimum stopping distance. In wet conditions or when wheels lock, the kinetic friction will generally result in a longer stopping distance compared to static friction.
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