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Which of the following are common pioneer species?

Select all that apply.

- Dogwood trees
- Conifer trees
- Small shrubs
- Lichens
- Cyanobacteria

Answer :

Final answer:

Lichens, cyanobacteria, and small shrubs are common pioneer species that initiate ecological succession by colonizing barren environments, contributing to soil formation, and paving the way for other species to follow.

Explanation:

Pioneer species are the first organisms to colonize barren environments or disturbed areas, initiating the process of ecological succession. Primary succession occurs when these species establish themselves in environments that are devoid of soil, such as newly formed volcanic islands or areas left bare after a glacier retreats. The common pioneer species that can live on bare rock and contribute to soil formation through the weathering of rock and the accumulation of organic matter include lichens and cyanobacteria. Over time, as soil quality improves thanks to these organisms, other species, such as small shrubs, may also take hold. However, dogwood trees and conifer trees are not typical pioneer species as they may require more established soil conditions to grow.

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