As we have noted in this chapter, India is somewhat unusual for having achieved a robust democracy before achieving economic modernization. What might modernization, cultural, structural, institutional, and actor-centered theories say about this case? Which of these theories do you think could make the most sense of the Indian case? Why?

India's robust democracy before economic modernization can be examined through modernization, cultural, structural-institutional, and actor-centered theories. Structural-institutional theories best explain this due to the colonial legacy and early democratic frameworks, which provided a foundation for democratic governance without prior economic development.

India's case of achieving a robust democracy before achieving economic modernization is quite unique and can be analyzed through several theoretical lenses:

Modernization Theory:

According to modernization theory, economic growth typically precedes and facilitates democratic development. However, India's situation challenges this normative sequence.

While most developed countries achieve democracy after economic development, India's democratic institutions emerged in the absence of significant economic modernization. This suggests that while economic development can sustain democracy, it's not a prerequisite for its establishment.

Cultural Theories:

Cultural theories might explain India's democracy through the lens of its rich historical and cultural heritage. India's long history of civic engagement, diverse cultural practices, and the values of pluralism and tolerance embedded in its society could have fostered the early establishment of democratic norms even in the absence of substantial economic development.

Structural-Institutional Theories:

Structural and institutional theories focus on the role of social structures and institutions in shaping political outcomes. In India, the role of the colonial legacy, institutional frameworks established during British rule, and the subsequent establishment of a federal structure with strong democratic traditions played a crucial role in the development of its democracy.

Actor-Centered Theories:

Actor-centered theories highlight the role of key individuals and political leaders in shaping the trajectory of democracy. In India, leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru played pivotal roles in promoting democratic values and institutions while emphasizing social reform and inclusion.

Conclusion:

Considering these theories, structural-institutional theories could make the most sense in explaining India's case. The colonial legacy and the formation of early democratic institutions provided a robust foundation for democracy, even without preceding economic modernization.