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Answer :
During the pre-Industrial Revolution period, goods were mainly produced at home in 'cottage industries.' As demand for mass production increased, the earliest factories were established, eventually leading to the birth of the American factory system with Samuel Slater's Old Mill in 1790.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most goods in Europe were produced at home in what is known as cottage industries. These were small-scale production activities carried out by individuals or families, typically as a way to supplement their main income. These domestic workshops produced a variety of goods, like clothing, candles, and small housewares. As European economies grew, the demand for mass production increased, leading to the establishment of the earliest factories. These factories were not initially places of manufacturing but were locations where factors (representatives of the seller) resided. Over time, more structured manufacturing centers developed, such as those in Barcelona, where around 100 large manufacturing plants were noted for the time, and later in England, where technological innovations spurred the advent of the modern industrial age.
Notably, in England, Samuel Slater, often referred to as the father of American manufactures, replicated the industrial machinery he had learned to build in the UK when he erected the Old Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1790. This establishment is considered the birth of the American factory system. Throughout Europe, various industries continued to transform, with towns like Copley and Saltaire in Britain, and Crespi d'Adda in Italy being created to support workers of these new factories.
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