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Answer :
Final answer:
Pathogens adhere to host cells using molecules called adhesins, which are present on structures like fimbriae, flagella, and viral spikes, as well as in bacterial glycocalyces like slime layers and capsules.
Explanation:
The adherence of pathogens to host cells is a critical step in the establishment of infection. To facilitate this, certain pathogens produce molecules known as adhesins, which are either proteins or carbohydrates that specifically bind to cell surface receptors on the host cells, such as glycoproteins. Bacterial adhesins are often found on structures like fimbriae and flagella, while protozoans may feature hooks and barbs for this purpose.
Viruses utilize spike proteins on their capsids or membrane envelopes, such as the hemagglutinin on Influenza virus or gp120 on HIV, to connect to susceptible cells. Additionally, the production of glycocalyces, including slime layers and capsules, by bacteria is another mechanism that supports robust adhesion to host cells and increases resistance to flushing mechanisms such as sneezing or ciliary action.
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